Statistical Terms Glossary

It refers to the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population. The death rate (often called the crude death rate) is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population in a given year.

Those diseases, morbid conditions or injuries which either resulted in or contributed to death and the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced any such injuries. The underlying cause of death is (a) the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading directly to death, or (b) the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury.

They are the people who were exposed to the traffic accident and as a result of the accident they died and the accident is verified by the police officer investigating the police and registration is done in the base records

Number of deaths over a given period, classified by sex (male, female and both sexes combined). The data refer to five-year periods running from 1 July of the initial year to 30 June of the final year and data are presented in thousands.

In a narrow sense, conflict-related deaths refer to those deaths caused by warring parties directly related to combat, such as traditional battlefield fighting and bombardments. In a broader sense, conflict-related deaths also include killings that amount to war crimes, such as targeting of civilians or of military ´hors combat´. The rates are defined as the total count of intentional homicides and conflict-related deaths, respectively, divided by the total resident population, expressed per 100,000 population.

Number of deaths under age 1 over a given period. The data refer to five-year periods running from 1 July of the initial year to 30 June of the final year and data are presented in thousands.

Number of deaths under age 5 over a given period. The data refer to five-year periods running from 1 July of the initial year to 30 June of the final year. Data are presented in thousands.

1. U.S.: Unsecured bond;
2.U.K.: Loan secured against specific or general assets of a company.

Debt-restructuring agreements are typically undertaken for bank loan debt obligations and involve the buyback and exchange of eligible debt either for financial instruments that are valued at a substantial discount (simple cash buyback) or for new bonds featuring a present value reduction. In some instances, the principal portion of new financial instruments is fully collateralized with zero-coupon bonds issued by the treasury of an industrial country, while interest obligations are also partially secured. DDSR operations are characterized by a “menu approach,” allowing individual creditors to select from among several DDSR options. Under the Brady plan of March 1989, some of these arrangements have been supported by loans from official creditors.

Debt assumption is a special form of debt refinancing, involving three parties—the creditor, the original debtor, and a new debtor who assumes the debt obligation.
A debt assumption involves two simultaneous transactions; the first transaction cancels the original debtor’s obligation, and the second transaction creates a new debt contract between the creditor and the new debtor, or assumer.
The first transaction is classified as a capital transfer (as in the case of debt forgiveness), and the second transaction involves the creditor’s acquisition of the new debt instrument issued by the assumer. Any write-down of asset value by the creditor is recorded in the revaluation account.

The repurchase by a debtor of its own debt, usually at a substantial discount. The debtor’s obligations are reduced while the creditor receives a once and for all payment. Although in apparent contravention of standard commercial bank loan agreements, some debtors have bought back their own debt on the secondary market.

Debt cancellation occurs when there is an agreement between the debtor and the creditor that an outstanding debt no longer needs to be repaid

Conversion of debt into equity (see debt-equity SWAP).

The extent of the ability to pay debts.

Document issued by a borrower detailing the borrower's promise to repay principal and pay interest, as well as details of any collateral.

Non-profit organizations purchase debt at a discount in secondary markets and exchange it for local currency that is used for philanthropic purposes.

A payment of a developing country debt in kind. One procedure used is that the lender takes a specific earmarked percentage of the receipts from the exports of a specific product or group of products, provided that the exports result from promotion by the lender.

Debt conversion is the exchange of debt - typically at a substantial discount - for equity, or counterpart domestic currency funds to be used to finance a particular project or policy. Debt for equity, debt for nature and debt for development swaps are all examples of debt conversion

Failure to meet a debt obligation payment, either principal or interest. A payment that is overdue or in arrears is technically “in default,” since by virtue of nonpayment the borrower has failed to abide by the terms and conditions of the debt obligation. In practice, the point at which a debt obligation is considered “in default” will vary.

Debt defeasance allows a debtor (whose debts are in the form generally of securities other than shares and loans) to remove certain liabilities from the balance sheet by pairing irrevocably assets of equal value to the liabilities

Variety of debt defeasance whereby the debt principal is collateralized not through an upfront purchase of a zero coupon bond or other financial instruments, but instead through pledging the accumulated funds of a sinking fund, which is financed through periodic future payments by the debtor.

Extinguishing debt through the provision of a financial asset (e.g. zero coupon bond) to be held in a trust account as collateral against the principal of the debt. The face value and maturity of the collateral instruments are designed to match those of the debt being defeased so that the proceeds of the collateral instruments at maturity may be used to fully repay the principal in a single balloon payment.