Statistical Terms Glossary

Program of securities issued by the World Bank, tarting in 1986. The first amount was $481.5 million, followed by an amount of $463.5 million. Buyers can obtain maturities from 3 to over 30 years, as they choose. The program is indefinite (hence continuously offered) and of a longer term than the Bank's previous discount note system. It will extend the range of paper available in the medium-term note market (initially medium-term meant 2-4 years but now covers up to 30 years or more). Various COLTS products have been offered, including fixed rate COLTS offered at par (the conventional product of the medium-term note market), at a premium and at a discount, zero coupon COLTS, Treasury-bill based variable rate COLTS and amortizing COLTS.

Program of securities issued by the Swiss Bank Corporation on the Swiss market on behalf of the World Bank, starting in 1988. The notes are of three or six months' duration, with a minimum investment of SFr100,000. The program is indefinite (hence continuously offered). The rate will be linked to LIBOR.

A shot that is normally given every three or six months and is also known as Depo-Provera or Notriterat.

The percentage of married women of child-bearing age (15–49) who are using, or whose husbands are using, any form of contraception, whether modern or traditional.

Are crops eligible for Production Flexibility Contract Payments: wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, and upland cotton.

A procedure whereby a long-term contract for the provision of goods or services includes a periodic adjustment to the prices paid for the goods or services based on the increase or decrease in the level of a nominated price index. The purpose of indexation is to take inflationary risk out of the contract.

Project finance, involving the use of commercial contracts such as a ship charter or take-or-pay contract as security for the loan.

Are persons working in a country other than their own under contractual arrangements that set limits on the period of employment and on the specific job held by the migrant that is to say, contract migrant workers cannot change jobs without permission granted by the authorities of the receiving state.

A general term referring to a written sales instrument that specifies both the price and shipment terms.

Institutions dealing with contractual savings, i.e. savings that have to be made, such as pensions.

Those workers who hold a "self employment" job in a market -orientated establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, who cannot be regarded as a partner, because their degree of commitment to the operation of the establishment, in terms of working time (or other factors to be determined by national circumstances), is not at a level comparable to the head of the establishment

A payment made to a pension plan by a plan sponsor or a plan member.

The reference salary used to calculate the contribution.

A period when the contributions to a pension scheme are put on hold, the most common reason for this being a situation of overfunding.

The amount (typically expressed as a percentage of the contribution base) that is needed to be paid into the pension fund.

Entitlement to a benefit is based on contributions from insured persons and/or their employer.

Is a significant condition that unfavourably influences the course of the morbid process and thus contributes to the fatal outcome, but which is not related to the disease or condition directly causing death.

A pension scheme where both the employer and the members have to pay into the scheme.

A single institutional unit owning more than a half of the shares, or equity, of a corporation is able to control its policy and operations by outvoting all other shareholders, if necessary. Similarly, a small, organized group of shareholders whose combined ownership of shares exceeds 50 per cent of the total is able to control the corporation by acting in concert. Corporation B is said to be a subsidiary of corporation A when: Either corporation A controls more than half of the shareholders’ voting power in corporation B; or corporation A is a shareholder in corporation B with the right to appoint or remove a majority of the directors of corporation B. Corporation A may be described as the parent corporation in this situation. As the relationship of a parent corporation to a subsidiary is defined in terms of control rather than ownership, the relationship must be transitive: that is, if C is a subsidiary of B and B is a subsidiary of A, then C must also be a subsidiary of A. If A has a majority shareholding in B while B has a majority shareholding in C, A cannot also have a majority shareholding in C. Nevertheless, A must be able to control C if it controls B.

There are two meanings relevant to management and administration: mechanisms and means for guidance, self-regulation, or restraint, intended to prevent mishap, as in a pilot controlling an aircraft. Many languages do not have words directly equivalent to this meaning of “control”. In some countries, for example the Netherlands, the English word is borrowed and used to convey this meaning of control; and to check, verify, audit or to keep a copy of the accounts.

Control of a corporation occurs when a single institutional unit owning more than a half of the shares, or equity, of a corporation is able to control its policy and operations by outvoting all other shareholders, if necessary.

Similarly, a small, organised group of shareholders whose combined ownership of shares exceeds 50 per cent of the total is able to control the corporation by acting in concert.

In practice, when ownership of shares is widely diffused among a large number of shareholders, control may be secured by owning 20 per cent or less of the total shares.

Control over enterprises is generally viewed to be exercised when an individual or group of investors hold more than 50 per cent of the common voting stock of the enterprise or firm.
However, "effective control" may be exercised when the investor(s) holds a large block of voting stock even when it is less than 50 per cent but the remaining shares are widely held by many smaller investors. Control of enterprises may also be exercised through interlocking directorates and inter-corporate ownership links between firms as in the case of conglomerates.

Control over resources implies that women can obtain access to a resource as and can also make decisions about the use of that resource. For example, control over land means that women can access land (use it), can own land (can be the legal title-holders), and can make decisions about whether to sell or rent the land.